GEOLOGY OF WESTERN AKING AND ITS ENVIRONS AND HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IN SURFACE WATER STREAM SEDIMENT, AKING-WEST,SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Aking-West and its environs is located within latitude 050 221N and 050 261N and longitude 0080 361E and 0080 381E. It covers an estimated area of about 72km2. The area is situated in Cross River State which falls within the Basement Complex of South Eastern Nigeria (Oban Massif). Geologically, the study area is made up of basement rocks, some of which are weathered. Form field studies, gneiss, granodiorite and pegmatite are the major rock types in the study area. Texturally, the rocks in this area range from medium to coarse grains due to the presence of low temperature minerals such as quartz and biotite. The formational events in the area led to the formation of joints, foliation and folds. The rock trend in the NE-SW direction indicating the pan-African orogeny. Petrographic analysis revealed the presence of migmatite gneiss, biotite gneiss, granodiorite and pegmatite as the metamorphic and igneous rocks in the study area. Petrogenetically, it is believed that different rocks encountered in the field have different origins which form the nature and place the rocks were derived. The rocks are either igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary rocks. The drainage pattern of streams and rivers of the area is dendritic. The study area is characterized by thick vegetation cover consisting of variety of plants such as tall trees, shrubs, climbers and undergrowths. The economic potentials can be said to be promising due to the abundance of sand and aggregate materials which if exploited would boost the economy of Cross River State.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF PLATES
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY
1.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.3 PRESENT INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER TWO
2 PHYSICAL SETTING
2.1 CLIMATE VEGETATION
2.2 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE
2.3 WEATHERING AND EROSION
CHAPTER THREE
3 METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH
3.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
3.2 TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER FOUR
4 PETROLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
4.1 METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
4.1.1 GNEISS
4.1.2 OCCURRENCE AND FIELD RELATION
4.1.3 PETROGRAPHY OF MIGMATITE GNEISS
4.1.4 PETROGRAPHY OF BIOTITE GNEISS
4.1.5 PETROGENESIS OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
4.2 IGNEOUS PETROLOGY
4.2.1 OCCURRENCE AND FIELD RELATION
4.2.2 PETROGRAPHY OF GRANODIORITE
4.2.3 PETROGRAPHY OF PEGMATITE
4.2.4 PETROGENESIS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
CHAPTER FIVE
5 STRUCTURAL AND APPLIED GEOLOGY
5.1 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
5.1.1 FOLDS
5.1.2 FOLIATION
5.2 APPLIED GEOLOGY
5.2.1 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
5.2.2 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
5.2.3 HYDROGEOLOGY
CHAPTER SIX
6. METAMORPHISM AND GEOLOGIC HISTORY
6.1 METAMORPHISM
6.2 GEOLOGIC HISTORY
CHAPTER SEVEN
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: MAP OF CROSS RIVER SHOWING THE STUDY AREA
FIGURE2: GEOLOGIC MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT OF NIGERIA
FIGURE 3: CLIMATIC MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING THE STUDY AREA
FIGURE 4: ROSE DIAGRAM OF FOLD
FIGURE 5: ROSE DIAGRAM OF FOLIATION
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1:MODAL COMPOSITION OF MIGMATITE GNEISS
TABLE 2:MODAL COMPOSITION OF BIOTITE GNEISS
TABLE 3:MODAL COMPOSITION OF GRANODIORITE
TABLE 4:MODAL COMPOSITION OF PEGMATITE
TABLE 5:FOLD MEASUREMENT FROM THE STUDY AREA
TABLE 6:FOLIATION MEASUREMENT FROM THE STUDY AREA
LIST OF PLATES
PLATE 1: VEGETATION OF THE STUDY AREA
PLATE 2: DRAINAGE PATTERN OF THE STUDY AREA
PLATE 3: FIELD OCCURRENCE OF MIGMATITE GNEISS IN THE STUDY AREA
PLATE 4: THIN SECTION MIGMATITE GNEISS
PLATE 5: THIN SECTION BIOTITE GNEISS
PLATE 6: THIN SECTION OF GRANODIORITE
PLATE 7: THIN SECTION 0F PEGMATITE
PLATE 8: FIELD OCCURRENCE FOLD IN THE STUDY AREA
PLATE 9 FIELD OCCURRENCE OF FOLIATION IN THE STUDY AREA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The study area is situated in Akampka Local Government Area of cross river state (figure 1) and the area forms part of the Oban Massif which constitutes the basement complex of south eastern Nigeria (fig2)the area lies between latitude 050 221N and 050 261N and longitude 0080 361E and 0080 381E greenwich and covers about 72km2
The study area consist of such Mappable units of the amphibolitesfacies rocks and they include gneisses, amphibolites intruded by quartz veins, Pegmatites veins and dolerite (Rahman et al, 1981, Ekwueme, 1990)
The Oban massif is surrounded in the North by the Mamfe Embayment, in the west by the Benue trough, in the south by the Calabar flank and extending into the Cameroon in the East. The Oban Massif is overlain by cretaceous tertiary sediments of the CalabarFlank (Ekwueme, 1990)
1.1 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY
The study area is restricted toAking-Westand its environs and covers an area of land consisting of three main settlements namely, Osomba, Mankorand Aking,all in Akamkpa L.G.A of cross river state.
The study area is accessible through the major road (the Calabar-EkangRoad) which extends to the Cameroonborder. Several other minor roads facilitate accessibility into various locations within the study area.
1.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Nigerian basement complex which includes Oban massif in the southern part of Nigeria where the study area is located shows the least investigated and therefore presented as an undifferentiated basement complex in the geological map of the region (geological survey Nigeria sheet 50). Oyawoye (1964) recognized three subdivisions in the Nigeria Basement.
(I) Ancient Metasediments
(II) Gneisses, Migmatites, Older Granite
(III) Younger Metasediments
Rahman, (1976) also recognized four major Petrologicalunits in the Basement Complex of Nigeria as follows:
- Migmatic – gneiss – quartzite complex (Esurnean,2000ma )
- Meta-igneous rocks
- Slightly magmatized to non-magmatizedparaschist
- Older granite and diorites
Rahman Et al (1981) also reveals from preliminary studies of the west and north western part of the Oban Massif the following Major lithologic Rock Units recognized:
- unmetamorphoseddolorite to meso-diorite intrusive
- magmatitic and sheared gneissic rocks paraschist,phyllites,quartzites and metaconglomerates, amphibolites and metadiorite, aplites and foliated pegmatites.
- Older granite intrusive series comprising granodioritemetadiorite, mellitus to granitic rocks, weakly foliated to unfoliatedpegmatites, aplites and quartz veins.
Nigeria lies in the Pan-African belt which has been assigned an age of 450-750Ma though Cohen et al (1984)suggested 450-1100matheoccurrence of Bauchite– Charnokiteintrusive at Akor along Calabar-Ekang Road.The rocks here exhibit striking similarity in terms of mineralogy and petrography with those that have been reported in the northern part of Nigeria. This striking similarities, the Lithologicand Lithotectonicsetting between the basement of Oban massif and those in the Northern part of Nigeria suggest that the metamorphic evens tectonism, magmatism and metasomatism which the basement rocks were subjected to were the same (Rahmanet al, 1980).
Ekwueme and Onyeagocha, (1986) showed two classes of metamorphic rocks in the age of the rocks in Uwetarea (Oban Massif) that extends to the study area, these are older and younger metasediments.
(1)The older metasedimentary series were deposited 2,500ma age, and are made up of gneiss and migmatites of low grade metamorphism that ranges from middle green schist to uppermost amphibolitesfacies grade(products of barrovian type of regional metamorphism) which some authors refer to as gneiss migmatites – quartzite complex.
(2)The younger metasediments are low grade metasediment deposited some 1000-800ma referred to as the newer sedimentary series that comprises of the pelites and semi-peleles.
This age relationship between metasedimentarysequence and the occurrence of garnet, staurolite, hornblende, biotite and fayatite conforms with the view of Rahman, (1986)
Whole rock rubidium – strontium has been used by Ekwueme Et al, (1988) on the basis of geochronology to obtain ages of 527±16ma and 676±26ma for gneisses and schist in parts of Oban massif respectively. The dataof 676±26ma represents the main phase of Pan – African orogeny in the area whereas 527±16Ma depicts retrogression, may be during the warring stages of the same orogeny. The age data above are used to correlate other similar rocks elsewhere in Nigeria.
In terms of crustal evolution, the region is underlain by rocks affected by the pan – African thermotectonic event (650 – 450ma),which involve mostly a reactivation of an older crust. Ekwueme, (1988) reported Pb – Srwhole rockisochron age of 128±153 and 546±24Ma from the charnochite of eastern Oban massif and consider them to be kibiran. Also Ekwueme, (1995) on the basis of recent isotopic studies reported that there exist early protozoic crustal components in Oban massif using the 207 Pb/206Pb evaporation techniques on single zircons. The banded gneiss in the oban village gave a zircon age of 584±20Ma.
Ekwueme and Onyeagucha, (1986) reported on the structural trend of foliation, lineation and fold axis in the Oban basement complex rocks and reveal that the regional strike of Nigerian basement complex is approximately constant in the N-S direction with variations between NW-SE and NE-SW directions.
